Test 1 Notes for BHMS Students
Question 1
What is the normal blood pressure in a healthy adult?
Answer
The normal blood pressure in a healthy adult is around 120/80 mmHg. This is the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of arteries when the heart beats and when it rests between beats. The top number, called systolic pressure, represents the pressure when the heart beats, while the bottom number, called diastolic pressure, represents the pressure when the heart rests.
Question 2
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Answer
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions of the body, such as heartbeat, digestion, and breathing. It has two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation and restoration.
Question 3
What is the difference between a nerve and a nerve fiber?
Answer
A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers, which are long, thin extension of a neuron that carry signals to and from the brain and spinal cord. Nerve fibers are responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals. In contrast, a neuron is the basic building block of the nervous system, and a nerve is a collection of these neurons.
Question 4
What is the process of gas exchange in the lungs?
Answer
Gas exchange in the lungs is the process by which oxygen is transferred from the inhaled air into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream and exhaled out. This process occurs in the alveoli, tiny air sacs located at the end of the bronchioles. Oxygen diffuses into the blood through the walls of the alveoli and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli to be exhaled.
Question 5
What is the main function of the spleen?
Answer
The main function of the spleen is to filter the blood and remove old or damaged red blood cells. The spleen also stores red blood cells and platelets, and helps to fight infection by filtering out bacteria and other foreign particles from the blood.
Question 6
What is the process of digestion in the mouth?
Answer
Digestion in the mouth begins with the mechanical breakdown of food by the teeth and the mixing of food with saliva. Saliva contains enzymes such as amylase and lipase that break down carbohydrates and fats into simpler molecules. The food is then swallowed and passes into the esophagus, where it is propelled into the stomach by peristalsis.
Question 7
What is the main function of the adrenal glands?
Answer
The main function of the adrenal glands is to produce hormones that help the body respond to stress and regulate various physiological processes. The adrenal glands produce two main types of hormones: glucocorticoids, which help to regulate metabolism and energy use, and mineralocorticoids, which help to regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
Question 8
What is the process of excretion in the kidneys?
Answer
Excretion in the kidneys involves the removal of waste products and excess substances from the blood and excretion into the urine. The kidneys filter the blood and remove waste products such as urea, creatinine, and other toxins. The waste products are then concentrated in the urine and excreted from the body through the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Question 9
What is the main function of the liver?
Answer
The main function of the liver is to filter the blood and remove waste products and toxins. The liver also produces bile, which helps to digest fats and absorb fat-soluble vitamins. The liver also regulates blood sugar levels and stores glycogen, a complex carbohydrate that can be broken down to glucose for energy.
Question 10
What is the process of absorption in the small intestine?
Answer
Absorption in the small intestine involves the breakdown of nutrients into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The small intestine is lined with finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. The walls of the villi are also lined with microvilli, which further increase the surface area for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the villi and transported to the liver for processing and storage.