SYSTEMIC HISTOLOGY: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS AND SUPRA RENAL GLAND
Digestive System
Microscopic Structure
- Mouth: Stratified squamous epithelium
- Esophagus: Stratified columnar epithelium
- Stomach: Simple columnar epithelium, chief cells, and parietal cells
- Small intestine: Simple columnar epithelium, villi, and microvilli
- Large intestine: Simple columnar epithelium, crypts of Lieberkühn, and solitary lymphatic nodules
Functions
- Ingestion and digestion of food
- Absorption of nutrients
- Elimination of waste
Applied Aspect
- Histopathology of digestive system diseases: e.g., peptic ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease
Urinary System
Microscopic Structure
- Kidney: Nephrons (glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule)
- Renal pelvis: Transitional epithelium
- Ureter: Transitional epithelium
- Urinary bladder: Transitional epithelium
- Urethra: Stratified columnar epithelium
Functions
- Filtration of blood
- Formation of urine
- Storage and elimination of urine
Applied Aspect
- Histopathology of urinary system diseases: e.g., kidney stones, renal cell carcinoma
Reproductive System
Microscopic Structure
- Male:
- Testis: Seminiferous tubules, spermatogonia, and Sertoli cells
- Epididymis: Simple columnar epithelium
- Vas deferens: Smooth muscle and simple columnar epithelium
- Prostate gland: Glandular epithelium
- Female:
- Ovary: Follicles, corpora lutea, and theca interna
- Fallopian tube: Simple columnar epithelium
- Uterus: Simple columnar epithelium and endometrium
- Vagina: Stratified squamous epithelium
Functions
- Development of gametes
- Fertilization
- Implantation and development of embryo
- Delivery of offspring
Applied Aspect
- Histopathology of reproductive system diseases: e.g., testicular cancer, endometriosis
Supra Renal Gland (Adrenal Gland)
Microscopic Structure
- Cortex: Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
- Medulla: Chromaffin cells
Functions
- Production of hormones: e.g., aldosterone, cortisol, adrenaline
- Regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance
Applied Aspect
- Histopathology of adrenal gland diseases: e.g., Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma