CEREBRUM: EXTERNAL FEATURES

Describe the external features

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres - left and right. The external features of the cerebrum include the following:

• Convex surface: The cerebrum has a convex surface with a smooth and curved shape.
• Fissures: The cerebrum has several fissures that divide it into different regions, including the longitudinal fissure, the lateral fissure, and the calcarine fissure.
• Gyri: The cerebrum has several gyri or folds that are formed by the convolution of the cerebral cortex.
• Sulci: The cerebrum has several sulci or grooves that separate the gyri.

Name major sulci and gyri

The major sulci and gyri of the cerebrum include the following:

• Longitudinal fissure: This is the deepest and most prominent fissure that divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres.
• Lateral fissure: This fissure separates the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.
• Calcarine fissure: This fissure is located in the occipital lobe and separates the cuneus from the lingual gyrus.
• Central sulcus: This sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
• Postcentral gyrus: This gyrus is located in the parietal lobe and receives sensory information from the body.
• Precentral gyrus: This gyrus is located in the frontal lobe and is responsible for motor functions.
• Frontal lobe gyri: These include the prefrontal gyrus, the superior frontal gyrus, and the inferior frontal gyrus.
• Parietal lobe gyri: These include the postcentral gyrus, the superior parietal gyrus, and the inferior parietal gyrus.
• Temporal lobe gyri: These include the superior temporal gyrus, the middle temporal gyrus, and the inferior temporal gyrus.

Describe the applied anatomy

The applied anatomy of the cerebrum is related to its function and clinical relevance. The cerebrum is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, and facilitating thought, emotion, and memory. The applied anatomy of the cerebrum includes the following:

• Sensory input: The cerebrum receives sensory information from the body through the sensory nerves and interprets it in the sensory cortices of the parietal and temporal lobes.
• Motor output: The cerebrum sends motor signals to the muscles through the motor nerves and controls voluntary movements.
• Cognitive functions: The cerebrum is responsible for higher-order cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and language.
• Emotional regulation: The cerebrum is involved in the regulation of emotions and mood.
• Clinical relevance: Damage to the cerebrum can result in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia.