LOWER EXTRIMITIES REGION
1. Front of the thigh, Femoral triangle, Medial side of thigh, Gluteal region, Back of the thigh and popliteal fossa, Front of the thigh and dorsum of the foot
Contents of the regions
- Front of the thigh: quadriceps femoris, iliopsoas, tensor fasciae latae
- Femoral triangle: iliopsoas, sartorius, tensor fasciae latae
- Medial side of thigh: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus
- Gluteal region: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
- Back of the thigh and popliteal fossa: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
- Front of the thigh and dorsum of the foot: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus
Attachments, nerve supply, and actions of the muscles
- Quadriceps femoris: patella, tibia, knee extension
- Nerve supply: femoral nerve
- Action: knee extension
- Iliopsoas: lesser trochanter, femur, hip flexion
- Nerve supply: femoral nerve
- Action: hip flexion
- Tensor fasciae latae: iliotibial tract, tibia, hip abduction
- Nerve supply: superior gluteal nerve
- Action: hip abduction
Main joint, blood vessels, and nerves in the region
- Hip joint: femoral head and acetabulum
- Knee joint: femur and tibia
- Femoral artery and vein: supply the lower limb
- Sciatic nerve: innervates the lower limb
Surface landmarks
- Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
- Pubic tubercle
- Greater trochanter
- Ischial tuberosity
2. Back & side of the leg, retinacula and sole of the foot
Contents of the regions
- Back of the leg: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
- Side of the leg: popliteus, tibialis posterior
- Retinacula: flexor retinaculum, extensor retinaculum
- Sole of the foot: plantar muscles, interosseous muscles
Attachments, nerve supply, and actions of the muscles
- Gastrocnemius: calcaneus, Achilles tendon, plantarflexion
- Nerve supply: tibial nerve
- Action: plantarflexion
- Tibialis posterior: navicular, cuneiform bones, inversion
- Nerve supply: tibial nerve
- Action: inversion
Main joint, blood vessels, and nerves in the region
- Ankle joint: distal tibia and fibula
- Medial and lateral plantar arteries: supply the foot
- Tibial nerve: innervates the foot
Surface landmarks
- Lateral malleolus
- Medial malleolus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular bone
3. Recall the attachments, nerve supply, and actions of the muscles in the regions
Attachments, nerve supply, and actions of the muscles
- Biceps femoris: femur, tibia, knee flexion
- Nerve supply: tibial nerve
- Action: knee flexion
- Semitendinosus: femur, tibia, knee flexion
- Nerve supply: tibial nerve
- Action: knee flexion
- Semimembranosus: femur, tibia, knee flexion
- Nerve supply: tibial nerve
- Action: knee flexion
- Tibialis anterior: tibia, foot dorsum, foot dorsiflexion
- Nerve supply: deep peroneal nerve
- Action: foot dorsiflexion
4. Describe the main joint, blood vessels, and nerves in the region
Main joint, blood vessels, and nerves in the region
- Ankle joint: distal tibia and fibula
- Medial and lateral plantar arteries: supply the foot
- Tibial nerve: innervates the foot
5. Identify the surface landmarks in the region for surface marking
Surface landmarks
- Lateral malleolus
- Medial malleolus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular bone
6. Draw simple text-based diagrams in a neat handwritten-style layout using plain characters and simple labels.
Diagram 1: Hip joint
+---------------+ | Femoral head | +---------------+ | | v +---------------+ | Acetabulum | +---------------+
Diagram 2: Knee joint
+---------------+ | Femur | +---------------+ | | v +---------------+ | Tibia | +---------------+
Diagram 3: Ankle joint
+---------------+ | Distal tibia | +---------------+ | | v +---------------+ | Distal fibula | +---------------+
7. Prepare clean text-based flowcharts using arrows, branching, or indentation to show pathways, relations, or anatomical organisation.
Flowchart 1: Muscle action sequence
+---------------+
| Biceps femoris |
+---------------+
|
| → Knee flexion
v
+---------------+
| Semitendinosus |
+---------------+
|
| → Knee flexion
v
+---------------+
| Semimembranosus |
+---------------+
Flowchart 2: Nerve supply
+---------------+
| Tibial nerve |
+---------------+
|
| → Infraspinatus
v
+---------------+
| Infraspinatus |
+---------------+
Flowchart 3: Blood supply
+---------------+
| Medial plantar |
| artery |
+---------------+
|
| → Foot dorsum
v
+---------------+
| Lateral plantar |
| artery |
+---------------+