Question 1: Classify the ABO blood group system
Answer:
- The ABO blood group system is classified into four main groups: A, B, AB, and O
- Group A has A antigens on red blood cells and B antibodies in plasma
- Group B has B antigens on red blood cells and A antibodies in plasma
- Group AB has both A and B antigens on red blood cells and no A or B antibodies in plasma
- Group O has no A or B antigens on red blood cells and both A and B antibodies in plasma
Question 2: Discuss Landsteiner law
Answer:
- Landsteiner's law states that an individual's immune system will react with any blood type that is foreign to their own
- The law explains why people with type A blood will react with type B blood and vice versa
- The law is based on the idea that the immune system recognizes and responds to the presence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells
- The law is used to determine the compatibility of blood types for transfusions
Question 3: Describe Rhesus blood group
Answer:
- The Rhesus blood group system is a classification system that categorizes blood as either Rh positive or Rh negative
- Rh positive blood has the RhD antigen on the surface of red blood cells
- Rh negative blood does not have the RhD antigen on the surface of red blood cells
- The Rhesus blood group system is important in transfusion medicine and pregnancy
Question 4: Discuss Rh incompatibility
Answer:
- Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh negative mother is pregnant with an Rh positive fetus
- The mother's immune system may react to the Rh positive blood cells of the fetus and produce antibodies against them
- These antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetus's red blood cells, leading to hemolysis and anemia
- Rh incompatibility can be prevented by administering Rh immune globulin to the mother during pregnancy
Question 5: Discuss the importance of blood transfusion
Answer:
- Blood transfusion is a life-saving procedure that involves transferring blood or blood components from a donor to a recipient
- Blood transfusion is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including anemia, bleeding disorders, and cancer
- Blood transfusion can help to replace lost blood, improve oxygen delivery to tissues, and support the immune system
- Blood transfusion is a critical component of modern medicine and is used in a wide range of medical specialties
Question 6: List causes for blood transfusion reactions
Answer:
- Hemolytic transfusion reaction: occurs when the recipient's immune system reacts to the donor's blood cells
- Allergic reaction: occurs when the recipient has an allergic reaction to the donor's blood or blood components
- Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction: occurs when the recipient develops a fever in response to the transfusion
- Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI): occurs when the recipient develops respiratory distress in response to the transfusion
- Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): occurs when the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues
- Infection: occurs when the donor's blood is contaminated with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens