Question 1: Define the terms filtration and ultrafiltration

Filtration is the process by which a liquid is passed through a membrane to separate particles of different sizes, while ultrafiltration is a type of filtration that uses a semipermeable membrane with very small pores to separate smaller particles such as salts and water from larger particles like proteins and blood cells.

Question 2: Define intracellular communication

Intracellular communication refers to the various ways in which cells communicate with each other and their environment, including signaling pathways, electrical impulses, and chemical messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters.

Question 3: Define the terms adsorption and absorption

Adsorption is the process by which a substance accumulates on the surface of a material, while absorption is the process by which a substance is taken into the body or a cell, often involving the movement of molecules across a membrane.

Question 4: Define the terms hydro trophy dialysis and assimilation

Hydro trophy refers to the growth or development of cells or tissues in response to water, dialysis is the process of separating particles of different sizes using a semipermeable membrane, and assimilation is the process by which the body takes in and utilizes nutrients from food.

Question 5: Define surface tension

Surface tension is a property of liquids that causes them to behave as if they have an elastic surface, resulting in a force that acts along the surface of the liquid and causes it to behave in certain ways, such as forming droplets or bubbles.

Question 6: Explain action potential

Action potential is the rapid change in membrane potential that occurs in excitable cells like neurons and muscle cells, allowing them to transmit signals over long distances, it is generated by a rapid change in the permeability of the cell membrane to ions like sodium and potassium.

Question 7: Define Donnan equilibrium

Donnan equilibrium is a state of equilibrium that occurs in a system containing charged particles, such as ions, and a semipermeable membrane, where the concentration of ions on one side of the membrane is balanced by the concentration of ions on the other side.

Question 8: Define transmembrane potential

Transmembrane potential is the difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of a cell, it is generated by the unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane and is essential for the functioning of excitable cells like neurons and muscle cells.

Question 9: Explain nerve action potential

Nerve action potential is the rapid change in membrane potential that occurs in neurons, allowing them to transmit signals over long distances, it is generated by a rapid change in the permeability of the cell membrane to ions like sodium and potassium.

Question 10: Define tracer elements

Tracer elements are small amounts of radioactive or stable isotopes of elements that are used to track the movement of substances through the body or to measure the activity of certain cellular processes.

Question 11: Define rhythmicity of some excitable tissues

Rhythmicity refers to the ability of certain excitable tissues, like the heart and some smooth muscles, to generate rhythmic electrical activity, such as action potentials, without any external stimulation.

Question 12: Describe the ionic bond

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that forms between two ions of opposite charge, typically between a metal cation and a nonmetal anion, resulting in the formation of a compound like sodium chloride.

Question 13: Describe the covalent bond

A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that forms between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons, resulting in the formation of a molecule like water or methane.

Question 14: Describe the hydrogen bond

A hydrogen bond is a type of weak chemical bond that forms between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, and another electronegative atom, resulting in the formation of a weak attractive force between molecules.

Question 15: Define the terms colloid solution and suspension

A colloid solution is a mixture in which particles of one substance are dispersed throughout another substance, while a suspension is a mixture in which particles of one substance are dispersed throughout another substance, but the particles are larger and more likely to settle.

Question 16: Discuss the characteristics of acids bases and salts

Acids are substances that donate a proton, bases are substances that accept a proton, and salts are ionic compounds that form when an acid reacts with a base, they have distinct properties and behaviors, such as the ability to conduct electricity and change the color of indicators.

Question 17: Discuss acid base balance and its application to the concept of pH

Acid-base balance refers to the regulation of the concentration of hydrogen ions in the body, which is essential for maintaining proper physiological functions, the concept of pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, with a pH of 7 being neutral, below 7 being acidic, and above 7 being basic.

Question 18: Describe the maintaining of pH buffer system

The pH buffer system is a mechanism that helps maintain the body's acid-base balance by regulating the concentration of hydrogen ions, it involves the use of buffers like bicarbonate and phosphate, which can absorb or release hydrogen ions as needed to maintain a stable pH.