What are the biosynthetic and catabolic pathways in biochemistry?

The biosynthetic pathways include

step 1 → synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids, lactate, and glycerol through gluconeogenesis
step 2 → synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA through lipogenesis
step 3 → synthesis of proteins from amino acids through protein synthesis The catabolic pathways include
step 1 → breakdown of glucose to pyruvate through glycolysis
step 2 → breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA through lipolysis
step 3 → breakdown of proteins to amino acids through proteolysis

What is the importance of lipids in the body?

Lipids are important for

energy storage
cell membrane structure
hormone production
absorption of vitamins

What are the different properties of lipids?

Lipids have the following properties

insolubility in water
solubility in organic solvents
high energy density
hydrophobic nature

What are the different types of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates can be classified into

monosaccharides like glucose and fructose
disaccharides like sucrose and lactose
polysaccharides like starch and glycogen

What are the major functions of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates have the following functions

energy source
cell wall structure
storage form of energy
component of glycoproteins and glycolipids

What are the food sources of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are found in

grains like rice and wheat
fruits like apples and bananas
vegetables like potatoes and carrots
legumes like beans and lentils

What is the process of glycolysis?

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

step 1 → glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate
step 2 → glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate
step 3 → fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
step 4 → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted to pyruvate

What is the process of gluconeogenesis?

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

step 1 → pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate
step 2 → oxaloacetate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate
step 3 → phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to glucose

What is the process of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation?

ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation involves

step 1 → electrons are passed through a series of electron transport chains
step 2 → protons are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane
step 3 → protons flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase
step 4 → ATP is produced from ADP and Pi

What are the special features of protein metabolism?

Protein metabolism has the following special features

continuous synthesis and breakdown of proteins
regulation of protein synthesis by hormones and growth factors
importance of protein turnover for maintenance of tissue health

What are the functions of intact amino acids?

Intact amino acids have the following functions

building blocks of proteins
precursors for synthesis of other biomolecules
regulators of metabolic pathways

What is the oxidation of amino acids?

Oxidation of amino acids involves

step 1 → removal of amino group through transamination or deamination
step 2 → conversion of amino acid to keto acid
step 3 → oxidation of keto acid to acetyl-CoA or other intermediates

What is the synthesis of proteins?

Protein synthesis involves

step 1 → transcription of DNA to mRNA
step 2 → translation of mRNA to protein
step 3 → post-translational modification of protein

What is the function of nitrogenous part?

The nitrogenous part of amino acids has the following functions

formation of urea for excretion of excess nitrogen
synthesis of other nitrogen-containing biomolecules

What is the exogenous and endogenous protein metabolism?

Exogenous protein metabolism refers to the digestion and absorption of dietary proteins

step 1 → digestion of proteins to amino acids
step 2 → absorption of amino acids into bloodstream Endogenous protein metabolism refers to the synthesis and breakdown of proteins within the body
step 1 → synthesis of proteins from amino acids
step 2 → breakdown of proteins to amino acids

What is the concept of enzyme, chemical reactions, catalyst and substrates?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

step 1 → binding of substrate to enzyme
step 2 → conversion of substrate to product
step 3 → release of product from enzyme

What are the major functions of enzymes?

Enzymes have the following functions

catalysis of chemical reactions
regulation of metabolic pathways
maintenance of tissue health

What is the importance of enzymes in the body?

Enzymes are important for

maintenance of homeostasis
regulation of metabolic pathways
synthesis and breakdown of biomolecules

What is the definition of vitamin?

Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential for maintenance of health

they are not synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts
they must be obtained from the diet

How are vitamins classified?

Vitamins are classified into

fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, D, E, and K
water-soluble vitamins like vitamins B and C

What are common vitamin deficiencies?

Common vitamin deficiencies include

vitamin A deficiency leading to night blindness
vitamin D deficiency leading to rickets
vitamin B12 deficiency leading to anemia

What is the use of different instruments in biochemistry experiments?

Different instruments are used for

measurement of pH and temperature
separation and identification of biomolecules
determination of concentration of biomolecules