CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

Definition: Clostridium tetani is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes tetanus.

Morphology:

• Rod-shaped bacteria with rounded ends
• 4-6 µm in length
• 0.6-0.8 µm in width
• Single polar flagellum
• Spores are oval, 1-2 µm in diameter, and highly resistant

Pathogenesis:

1. → Ingestion of spores through cuts or wounds
2. → Spores germinate into vegetative cells in the absence of oxygen
3. → Cells multiply and produce tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)
4. → Neurotoxin is released into the bloodstream and binds to nerve endings
5. → Neurotoxin blocks neurotransmitter release, leading to muscle spasms and rigidity

Life Cycle:

1. → Spore formation
2. → Germination into vegetative cells
3. → Cell multiplication
4. → Neurotoxin production
5. → Neurotoxin release into the bloodstream
6. → Binding to nerve endings
7. → Blockage of neurotransmitter release
8. → Muscle spasms and rigidity

Memory Trick: "Seven Deadly Spores, Six Little Cells, Five Neurotoxins, Four Muscle Spasms, Three Nerve Endings, Two Germinating Spores, One Happy Host"

Clinical Manifestation: Tetanus

• Muscle stiffness and rigidity
• Muscle spasms
• Abnormal postures
• Difficulty swallowing
• Laryngospasm
• Death

Laboratory Diagnosis:

1. → Stool culture
2. → Serum sample for tetanospasmin antibody
3. → Histopathology of muscle tissue
4. → PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) for C. tetani DNA

Management:

1. → Wound debridement and cleaning
2. → Administration of tetanus antitoxin
3. → Supportive care (e.g., ventilation, muscle relaxation)
4. → Antibiotics (e.g., penicillin) for spore germination prevention