CYST

CYST

**Define cyst:

1. A cyst is a closed capsule or sac-like structure that contains a fluid, semi-solid, or solid substance.
2. It is usually derived from the epithelial lining of a gland or organ.
3. Cysts can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed later in life).
4. The most common types of cysts are skin cysts and kidney cysts.

**Types of cyst:

1. Dermoid cyst: A cyst that contains skin, hair, and other skin appendages.
2. Epidermoid cyst: A cyst that contains a thick, cheesy material and is usually filled with keratin.
3. Pilonidal cyst: A cyst that occurs on the skin near the tailbone and is often associated with ingrown hairs.
4. Ovarian cyst: A cyst that occurs on the ovary and can be filled with fluid or solid tissue.
5. Kidney cyst: A cyst that occurs in the kidney and can be filled with fluid or solid tissue.
6. Vocal cord cyst: A cyst that occurs on the vocal cord and can cause hoarseness or voice changes.
7. Pancreatic pseudocyst: A cyst that occurs in the pancreas and is usually filled with digestive enzymes.

**Causes of cyst:

1. Genetics: Some cysts are inherited.
2. Infection: Some cysts are caused by bacterial or fungal infections.
3. Trauma: Some cysts are caused by injury or trauma to the skin or underlying tissue.
4. Developmental abnormalities: Some cysts are caused by developmental abnormalities during fetal development.

**Clinical features of cysts:

1. Painless swelling: Cysts can cause a painless swelling or lump under the skin.
2. Discharge: Some cysts can drain fluid or pus.
3. Pain: Some cysts can cause pain or discomfort.
4. Difficulty swallowing: Some cysts can cause difficulty swallowing or breathing problems.

**Investigations for cysts:

1. Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans can help diagnose cysts.
2. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed to determine the type of cyst.
3. Ultrasound: An ultrasound can help diagnose cysts in the ovaries or kidneys.

**Complications of cysts:

1. Infection: Cysts can become infected and cause abscesses.
2. Hemorrhage: Cysts can rupture and cause bleeding.
3. Obstruction: Cysts can cause blockages in the digestive tract or urinary tract.
4. Malignancy: Rarely, cysts can become cancerous.

**Management of cysts:

1. Drainage: Cysts can be drained with a needle or surgically.
2. Surgical excision: Cysts can be removed surgically.
3. Observation: Small, asymptomatic cysts may not require treatment.
4. Medical treatment: Cysts caused by infections may be treated with antibiotics.

**Homoeopathic therapeutic approach:

1. Calcarea carbonica: For skin cysts and nodules.
2. Silica: For skin cysts and nodules.
3. Lachesis: For ovarian cysts and fibroids.
4. Kali carbonica: For ovarian cysts and fibroids.
5. Pulsatilla: For cysts of the skin and mucous membranes.

**Arrows for flow:

1. Step 1 → Step 2 → Step 3: A cyst can be drained with a needle (Step 1) → surgically (Step 2) → surgically excised (Step 3).
2. Step 1 → Step 2: A cyst can be managed with observation (Step 1) → medical treatment (Step 2).