EXAMINATION OF TEETH AND GUMS

Recall anatomy of teeth and gums

• Teeth are composed of enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
• Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body.
• Dentin is a calcified tissue beneath the enamel.
• Cementum is a thin layer of bone-like tissue covering the root of the tooth.
• Pulp is the soft tissue inside the tooth.

Structure of teeth

• Incisors: front teeth used for biting and cutting.
• Canines: pointed teeth used for piercing and tearing.
• Premolars: shaped teeth used for crushing and tearing.
• Molars: flat teeth used for grinding and crushing.
• Wisdom teeth: third molars that typically emerge between ages 17 and 25.

Types of teeth

• Deciduous teeth: temporary teeth that fall out and are replaced by permanent teeth.
• Permanent teeth: also known as adult teeth, which replace deciduous teeth.
• Abnormal teeth: teeth that do not develop or form correctly.

Functions of teeth

• Biting and cutting food
• Grinding and crushing food
• Piercing and tearing food
• Enhancing speech and appearance

Identify normal dentition

• 20 primary teeth (incisors, canines, and molars)
• 32 permanent teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars)
• Proper alignment and spacing of teeth

Identify normal gums

• Pink color and firm texture
• No bleeding or inflammation
• Proper attachment to the teeth

Recognize common dental conditions

• Dental caries: tooth decay caused by bacteria and sugars
• Gingivitis: inflammation of the gums caused by poor oral hygiene
• Periodontitis: infection of the gums and bone that support the teeth

Inspect teeth for

• Alignment: proper alignment and spacing of teeth
• Caries: tooth decay or cavities
• Discoloration: stains or discoloration on the teeth
• Damage: cracks or breaks in the teeth

Assess gums for

• Inflammation: redness and swelling of the gums
• Bleeding: bleeding when brushing or flossing
• Recession: gums that have pulled away from the teeth
• Lesions: sores or ulcers on the gums

Examine malocclusion

• Overbite: upper teeth that overlap the lower teeth
• Underbite: lower teeth that overlap the upper teeth
• Crossbite: upper teeth that bite inside the lower teeth
• Overjet: upper teeth that protrude beyond the lower teeth

Examine jaw alignment

• Proper alignment of the upper and lower jaw bones
• No misalignment or unevenness

Document findings clearly

• Record observations and diagnoses
• Take photographs or X-rays as needed

Explain findings to patient

• Discuss diagnosis and treatment options
• Provide recommendations for oral hygiene and care

Counsel patient on oral hygiene

• Brush teeth at least twice a day
• Floss daily to remove plaque and food particles
• Use mouthwash to kill bacteria and freshen breath
• Visit the dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings

Explain importance of dental care

• Prevents dental problems such as caries and gum disease
• Enhances appearance and self-confidence
• Supports overall health and well-being
• Saves time and money in the long run

Pathology of Dental Caries

• Definition: tooth decay caused by bacteria and sugars
• Types: early, moderate, advanced
• Causes: poor oral hygiene, diet high in sugars and acids, trauma
• Clinical features: pain, sensitivity, discoloration, and cavities
• Investigations: visual examination, X-rays, and dental impressions
• Complications: abscesses, tooth loss, and infection
• Management: fillings, crowns, or extractions

Pathology of Gingivitis

• Definition: inflammation of the gums caused by poor oral hygiene
• Types: acute and chronic
• Causes: plaque buildup, poor oral hygiene, and smoking
• Clinical features: redness, swelling, bleeding, and pain
• Investigations: visual examination and gingival index
• Complications: periodontitis, tooth loss, and abscesses
• Management: improved oral hygiene, scaling, and antibiotics

Pathology of Periodontitis

• Definition: infection of the gums and bone that support the teeth
• Types: aggressive and chronic
• Causes: poor oral hygiene, smoking, and genetics
• Clinical features: pain, sensitivity, and loose teeth
• Investigations: visual examination, X-rays, and periodontal probing
• Complications: tooth loss, abscesses, and infection
• Management: improved oral hygiene, scaling, and antibiotics

Homoeopathic Therapeutic Medicines for Dental Problems

• Arnica montana: for pain and swelling
• Belladonna: for pain and inflammation
• Calendula officinalis: for wound healing and skin care
• Chamomilla: for anxiety and nervousness
• Silicea: for dental caries and infections
• Graphites: for gum problems and inflammation