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Surgery 1 - Third Year BHMS

Contents

Surgery 1 - Third Year BHMS

Contents

CoursesBHMSSurgery 1 - Third Year BHMSACID BASE BALANCE – ALKALOSIS

ACID BASE BALANCE – ALKALOSIS

Content

ACID BASE BALANCE – ALKALOSIS

Definition:

  • Metabolic alkalosis is a condition of the body where the blood becomes too alkaline due to excess bicarbonate in the blood.

Types:

  • Primary metabolic alkalosis
  • Secondary metabolic alkalosis

Causes:

  • Excessive vomiting
  • Diuretic use
  • Certain medications (e.g. steroids, theophylline)
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • Mineralocorticoid excess
  • Prolonged nasogastric suction
  • Prolonged parenteral nutrition
  • Certain metabolic disorders (e.g. cystinuria, oxalosis)

Clinical Features:

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Abdominal pain
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle weakness
  • Tinnitus
  • Headache
  • Confusion
  • Seizures

Laboratory Findings:

  • Serum pH > 7.45
  • Serum bicarbonate > 28 mmol/L
  • Anion gap < 10 mmol/L
  • Potassium < 3.0 mmol/L
  • Calcium > 2.5 mmol/L
  • Phosphate < 1.0 mmol/L

Complications:

  • Hypokalemia
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hypophosphatemia
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Respiratory alkalosis

Management:

  • Identify and treat the underlying cause
  • Administer potassium supplements
  • Administer calcium supplements
  • Administer phosphate supplements
  • Administer bicarbonate-rich fluids (e.g. normal saline)
  • Monitor serum electrolytes

Homoeopathic Therapeutic Approach:

  • Natrum muriaticum for hyperchlorhydria
  • Carbo vegetalis for excessive vomiting
  • Ferrum phosphoricum for hypokalemia
  • Calcarea phosphorica for hypocalcemia
  • Kali phosphoricum for hypophosphatemia

Treatment:

  • Primary metabolic alkalosis: correct underlying cause, administer potassium supplements, and monitor serum electrolytes
  • Secondary metabolic alkalosis: treat underlying cause, administer potassium supplements, and monitor serum electrolytes