Frozen Shoulder

Definition

Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by pain, stiffness, and limited mobility of the shoulder joint.

Types

1. Primary frozen shoulder: No underlying cause is identified.
2. Secondary frozen shoulder: Associated with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, thyroid disease, or stroke.
3. Stiffness in the shoulder joint after surgery or injury.

Clinical Features

1. Pain and stiffness in the shoulder joint.
2. Decreased range of motion in the shoulder joint.
3. Pain during active or passive movements of the shoulder joint.

Pathology

1. Inflammation of the synovial membrane.
2. Thickening and contraction of the joint capsule.
3. Adhesions and scarring in the joint capsule.

Causes

1. Trauma or injury to the shoulder joint.
2. Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
3. Diabetes.
4. Thyroid disease.
5. Stroke.

Investigations

1. Clinical examination and history.
2. X-rays to rule out fractures or degenerative joint disease.
3. MRI or CT scans to evaluate the joint capsule and surrounding tissues.

Complications

1. Chronic pain and stiffness.
2. Limited range of motion.
3. Decreased functional ability.

Management

1. Physical therapy and rehabilitation to maintain range of motion and strength.
2. Pain management with medication or injections.
3. Corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation.
4. Surgery: Manipulation under anesthesia or arthroscopic release.

Homoeopathic Therapeutics

1. Arnica: For pain and inflammation.
2. Rhus tox: For stiffness and limited mobility.
3. Bryonia: For pain and stiffness.
4. Ruta: For pain and inflammation.
5. Symphytum: For pain and limited mobility.
6. Causticum: For pain and stiffness.

Blood Supply

1. The shoulder joint is supplied by the axillary artery.
2. The circumflex humeral artery and the suprascapular artery also contribute to the blood supply.

Nerve Supply

1. The shoulder joint is innervated by the axillary nerve and the suprascapular nerve.

Clinical Anatomy

1. The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint.
2. The joint capsule is formed by the confluence of the synovial membranes of the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints.
3. The rotator cuff muscles attach to the humerus and scapula.

Management Steps →

1. Initial assessment and diagnosis →
2. Physical therapy and rehabilitation →
3. Pain management with medication or injections →
4. Corticosteroid injections →
5. Surgery (Manipulation under anesthesia or arthroscopic release) →