The eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects the eye.
It is composed of three layers: skin, muscle, and tarsal plates.
The tarsal plates are thin, fibrous plates that provide support to the eyelid.
The orbicularis oculi muscle is responsible for closing the eyelid.
The levator palpebrae superioris muscle is responsible for elevating the eyelid.
The eyelid has several glands, including the meibomian glands, which produce oil to keep the eyes moist.

Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids, often caused by bacterial or fungal infections.
Types of blepharitis:
- Anterior blepharitis: inflammation of the front part of the eyelid.
- Posterior blepharitis: inflammation of the back part of the eyelid.
- Meibomian blepharitis: inflammation of the meibomian glands.
Clinical features:
- Redness and swelling of the eyelids
- Itching and burning sensations
- Crusting or scales on the eyelids
- Difficulty opening the eyes
Investigations:
- Slit-lamp examination
- Culture of conjunctival scrapings
Complications:
- Corneal ulcers
- Eyelid scarring
Management:
- Topical antibiotics
- Warm compresses
- Eyelid cleaning
- Steroid eye drops

Chalazion is a small, painful lump on the eyelid, usually caused by a blocked meibomian gland.
Types of chalazion:
- Simple chalazion: a single, small lump.
- Multiple chalazia: multiple small lumps.
Clinical features:
- A small, painful lump on the eyelid
- Redness and swelling of the eyelid
- Itching and burning sensations
Investigations:
- Slit-lamp examination
- Biopsy of the lump
Complications:
- Corneal ulcers
- Eyelid scarring
Management:
- Warm compresses
- Antibiotic eye ointment
- Incision and drainage
- Steroid eye drops

Eyelid tumors can be benign or malignant.
Types of eyelid tumors:
- Benign tumors: papilloma, hemangioma, and cysts.
- Malignant tumors: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Clinical features:
- A lump or growth on the eyelid
- Redness and swelling of the eyelid
- Itching and burning sensations
Investigations:
- Slit-lamp examination
- Biopsy of the tumor
Complications:
- Corneal ulcers
- Eyelid scarring
- Metastasis
Management:
- Surgical excision
- Radiotherapy
- Chemotherapy

Treatment of eyelid diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
Conservative management:
- Topical antibiotics
- Steroid eye drops
- Warm compresses
- Eyelid cleaning
Surgical management:
- Incision and drainage
- Excision of tumors
- Reconstruction of the eyelid

DISEASES OF EYELIDS