EXAMINATION OF EYE AND VISION

Examination of Eye and Vision

Visual Acuity Testing

1. Definition: Visual acuity testing is a method used to measure the sharpness of vision.
2. Types:
   1. Distance visual acuity: measured at a distance of 6 meters.
   2. Near visual acuity: measured at a distance of 33-66 cm.
3. Causes of decreased visual acuity:
   1. Refractive errors (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism).
   2. Cataract.
   3. Age-related macular degeneration.
4. Clinical features:
   1. Difficulty in reading or recognizing objects.
   2. Headache or eye strain.
5. Investigations:
   1. Snellen's chart.
   2. LogMAR chart.
6. Complications:
   1. Delayed diagnosis of vision-threatening conditions.
   2. Impact on daily activities.
7. Management:
   1. Refractive correction (glasses or contact lenses).
   2. Surgical correction (cataract surgery).
   3. Treatment of underlying cause.

Fundoscopy

1. Definition: Fundoscopy is a non-invasive exam that allows a healthcare provider to see the interior of the eye.
2. Procedure:
   1. Patient sits in a dark room.
   2. Ophthalmoscope is placed 2-3 inches from the eye.
   3. Image is viewed through the ophthalmoscope.
3. Clinical features:
   1. Retinal detachment.
   2. Diabetic retinopathy.
   3. Age-related macular degeneration.
4. Complications:
   1. Injury to the eye.
   2. Infection.
5. Management:
   1. Treatment of underlying cause.
   2. Surgical intervention (retinal detachment).

Slit Lamp Examination

1. Definition: Slit lamp examination is a diagnostic tool used to examine the anterior segment of the eye.
2. Procedure:
   1. Patient sits in a chair.
   2. Slit lamp is placed in front of the patient.
   3. Light is shone through the slit lamp onto the eye.
3. Clinical features:
   1. Anterior uveitis.
   2. Cataract.
   3. Glaucoma.
4. Complications:
   1. Injury to the eye.
   2. Infection.
5. Management:
   1. Treatment of underlying cause.
   2. Surgical intervention (cataract surgery).

Interpretation of Findings in Common Eye Diseases

1. Cataract:
   1. Definition: Cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye.
   2. Types:
      1. Senile cataract.
      2. Traumatic cataract.
      3. Congenital cataract.
   3. Causes:
      1. Aging.
      2. Trauma.
      3. Genetic predisposition.
   4. Clinical features:
      1. Blurred vision.
      2. Sensitivity to light.
      3. Double vision.
   5. Investigations:
      1. Slit lamp examination.
      2. Ultrasound biomicroscopy.
   6. Complications:
      1. Glaucoma.
      2. Infection.
   7. Management:
      1. Cataract surgery.
      2. Refractive correction.
2. Glaucoma:
   1. Definition: Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve.
   2. Types:
      1. Open-angle glaucoma.
      2. Angle-closure glaucoma.
   3. Causes:
      1. Increased intraocular pressure.
      2. Family history.
      3. Trauma.
   4. Clinical features:
      1. Blurred vision.
      2. Eye pain.
      3. Redness of the eye.
   5. Investigations:
      1. Tonometry.
      2. Ophthalmoscopy.
   6. Complications:
      1. Blindness.
      2. Infection.
   7. Management:
      1. Medications to reduce intraocular pressure.
      2. Laser surgery.
      3. Glaucoma drainage devices.

Homoeopathic Therapeutic Medicines

1. For visual acuity testing:
   • Aconite 200C: for blurred vision due to eye strain.
   • Chamomilla 200C: for irritated or dry eyes.
2. For cataract:
   • Calcarea carbonica 200C: for cataract formation due to aging.
   • Silicea 200C: for cataract formation due to trauma.
3. For glaucoma:
   • Aconite 200C: for blurred vision due to increased intraocular pressure.
   • Glonoinum 200C: for glaucoma pain.