Definition: Strabismus is a condition where the two eyes are misaligned, causing difficulty in coordinating eye movements.
Types of Strabismus:
- Esotropia (crossed eyes): One eye turns inward toward the nose.
- Exotropia (divergent strabismus): One eye turns outward away from the nose.
- Hypertropia: One eye turns upward.
- Hypotropia: One eye turns downward.
- Intortion: One eye turns inward.
- Extortion: One eye turns outward.
Causes:
- Genetics
- Neurological disorders
- Trauma
- Infections
- Congenital conditions
Clinical Features:
- Misaligned eyes
- Double vision
- Headaches
- Blurred vision
- Difficulty driving or reading
Investigations:
- Eye examination
- Cover test
- Corneal reflex test
- Ocular motility examination
Complications:
- Amblyopia (lazy eye)
- Strabismus surgery complications
- Decreased vision
Management:
- Glasses or contact lenses
- Eye exercises
- Surgery (strabismus correction)
- Prisms

Definition: Nystagmus is a condition where the eyes move in an abnormal and involuntary manner.
Types of Nystagmus:
- Central nystagmus: Caused by neurological disorders
- Peripheral nystagmus: Caused by inner ear problems
- Spasmus nutans: A rare condition characterized by nystagmus and head nodding
- Congenital nystagmus: Present at birth
Causes:
- Neurological disorders (stroke, brain tumor)
- Inner ear problems (labyrinthitis, vestibular neuronitis)
- Congenital conditions
- Trauma
- Infections
Clinical Features:
- Abnormal eye movements
- Head nodding
- Difficulty reading or driving
- Blurred vision
Investigations:
- Eye examination
- Cover test
- Ocular motility examination
- Electronystagmography (ENG)
Complications:
- Decreased vision
- Difficulty with balance and coordination
- Nystagmus surgery complications
Management:
- Prisms
- Glasses or contact lenses
- Eye exercises
- Surgery (nystagmus correction)

STRABISMUS AND NYSTAGMUS