Hypothyroidism

Definition

• Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones.

Types

• Primary hypothyroidism: This is the most common type, where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones.
• Secondary hypothyroidism: This type occurs when the pituitary gland does not produce enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
• Tertiary hypothyroidism: This type occurs when the hypothalamus fails to produce enough thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

Causes

• Iodine deficiency
• Autoimmune disorders such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Thyroid surgery or radiation
• Certain medications, such as lithium or amiodarone
• Congenital hypothyroidism

Clinical Features

• Fatigue and weakness
• Weight gain and lethargy
• Cold intolerance and dry skin
• Hair loss and brittle nails
• Depression and memory problems
• Slowed heart rate and low blood pressure
• Heavy or irregular menstrual periods
• Cold hands and feet

Investigations

• Thyroid function tests (TFTs)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels
• Free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels
• Thyroid antibody levels (for autoimmune disorders)
• Imaging studies, such as ultrasound or CT scan, to rule out thyroid nodules or cancer

Complications

• Goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland)
• Myxedema (a rare but life-threatening condition that occurs when the thyroid gland is severely underactive)
• Increased risk of heart problems, such as high blood pressure and heart failure

Management

• Replacement therapy with thyroid hormones (levothyroxine)
• Monitoring of thyroid function and adjustement of medication as needed
• Dietary changes, such as increasing iodine intake
• Avoiding substances that can interfere with thyroid function, such as soy and cruciferous vegetables

Homoeopathic Treatment

• Lycopodium clavatum: For symptoms of fatigue, weakness, and weight gain
• Calcarea carbonica: For symptoms of dry skin, hair loss, and brittle nails
• Thyroidinum: For symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue and weight gain
• Kali iodatum: For symptoms of iodine deficiency, such as fatigue and weakness
• Lachesis: For symptoms of menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and mood swings