Gross Anatomy of Liver

The liver is a vital organ in the body and is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity.

Lobes of Liver

1. The liver is divided into four lobes: right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe.
2. The right lobe is the largest lobe and is divided into four segments (V, VI, VII, and VIII).
3. The left lobe is divided into two segments (III and IV).

Surfaces of Liver

1. The superior surface is in contact with the diaphragm.
2. The inferior surface is in contact with the stomach, small intestine, and right kidney.
3. The anterior surface is in contact with the anterior abdominal wall.
4. The posterior surface is in contact with the right kidney and adrenal gland.
5. The bare area is the part of the liver that is covered by peritoneum and is in contact with the diaphragm.

Segments of Liver

1. The liver is divided into eight segments: I (caudate lobe), II (left lobe), III (left lobe), IV (left lobe), V (right lobe), VI (right lobe), VII (right lobe), and VIII (right lobe).
2. Each segment has a specific blood supply and drainage.

Blood Supply of Liver

The liver receives its blood supply from two main sources: the hepatic artery and the portal vein.

Hepatic Artery

1. The hepatic artery is a branch of the common hepatic artery.
2. It supplies oxygenated blood to the liver.
3. The hepatic artery is divided into three branches: right hepatic artery, left hepatic artery, and cystic artery.

Portal Vein

1. The portal vein is a branch of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein.
2. It supplies nutrient-rich blood to the liver.
3. The portal vein is divided into two branches: right portal vein and left portal vein.

Hepatic Veins

1. The hepatic veins are branches of the inferior vena cava.
2. They drain deoxygenated blood from the liver.
3. The hepatic veins are divided into three branches: right hepatic vein, middle hepatic vein, and left hepatic vein.

Anatomical Relationships

Diaphragm

1. The diaphragm separates the liver from the thoracic cavity.
2. The diaphragm is attached to the liver by the falciform ligament.

Gallbladder

1. The gallbladder is a sac-like structure that stores bile.
2. The gallbladder is attached to the liver by the cystic duct.

Stomach

1. The stomach is a digestive organ that is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity.
2. The stomach is attached to the liver by the gastrohepatic omentum.

Pancreas

1. The pancreas is a digestive organ that is located behind the stomach.
2. The pancreas is attached to the liver by the pancreaticohepatic ligament.

Anatomical Relations

Relations of Liver

1. The liver is in contact with the diaphragm, stomach, small intestine, and right kidney.
2. The liver is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
3. The liver is attached to the stomach by the gastrohepatic omentum.

Relations of Liver Lobes

1. The right lobe is in contact with the stomach, small intestine, and right kidney.
2. The left lobe is in contact with the stomach, small intestine, and left kidney.

Relations of Liver Segments

1. Segment I (caudate lobe) is in contact with the inferior vena cava and right atrium.
2. Segment II (left lobe) is in contact with the stomach and left kidney.
3. Segment III (left lobe) is in contact with the stomach and left kidney.
4. Segment IV (left lobe) is in contact with the stomach and left kidney.
5. Segment V (right lobe) is in contact with the stomach, small intestine, and right kidney.
6. Segment VI (right lobe) is in contact with the stomach, small intestine, and right kidney.
7. Segment VII (right lobe) is in contact with the stomach, small intestine, and right kidney.
8. Segment VIII (right lobe) is in contact with the stomach, small intestine, and right kidney.

Blood Supply of Liver Segments

Blood Supply of Segment I

1. Segment I receives its blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein.
2. The blood supply is divided into two branches: right branch and left branch.

Blood Supply of Segment II

1. Segment II receives its blood supply from the left hepatic artery and left portal vein.
2. The blood supply is divided into two branches: right branch and left branch.

Blood Supply of Segment III

1. Segment III receives its blood supply from the left hepatic artery and left portal vein.
2. The blood supply is divided into two branches: right branch and left branch.

Blood Supply of Segment IV

1. Segment IV receives its blood supply from the left hepatic artery and left portal vein.
2. The blood supply is divided into two branches: right branch and left branch.

Blood Supply of Segment V

1. Segment V receives its blood supply from the right hepatic artery and right portal vein.
2. The blood supply is divided into two branches: right branch and left branch.

Blood Supply of Segment VI

1. Segment VI receives its blood supply from the right hepatic artery and right portal vein.
2. The blood supply is divided into two branches: right branch and left branch.

Blood Supply of Segment VII

1. Segment VII receives its blood supply from the right hepatic artery and right portal vein.
2. The blood supply is divided into two branches: right branch and left branch.

Blood Supply of Segment VIII

1. Segment VIII receives its blood supply from the right hepatic artery and right portal vein.
2. The blood supply is divided into two branches: right branch and left branch.

Pathology of Liver

Causes of Liver Disease

1. Viral hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis B, hepatitis C)
2. Alcoholic liver disease
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
4. Primary biliary cirrhosis
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Clinical Features of Liver Disease

1. Jaundice
2. Abdominal pain
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Fatigue
5. Weight loss

Investigations of Liver Disease

1. Liver function tests
2. Ultrasound
3. CT scan
4. MRI
5. Liver biopsy

Complications of Liver Disease

1. Ascites
2. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3. Hepatic encephalopathy
4. Portal hypertension
5. Liver failure

Management of Liver Disease

1. Medications (e.g., antiviral medications, corticosteroids)
2. Lifestyle modifications (e.g., weight loss, exercise)
3. Surgery (e.g., liver transplant)
4. Supportive care (e.g., fluid management, electrolyte replacement)

Homeopathic Therapeutic Medicines

Indications of Homeopathic Medicines

1. Chelidonium majus: For liver congestion and jaundice.
2. Taraxacum officinale: For liver and gallbladder inflammation.
3. Silybum marianum: For liver and gallbladder protection.
4. Cedrus deodora: For liver and kidney inflammation.
5. Zingiber officinale: For liver and digestive system inflammation.

Clinical Anatomy of Liver

Clinical Anatomy of Liver Lobes

1. The right lobe is the most common site for liver disease.
2. The left lobe is smaller and contains the left hepatic artery and left portal vein.
3. The caudate lobe is located behind the inferior vena cava and receives its blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein.

Clinical Anatomy of Liver Segments

1. Segment I (caudate lobe) is the most posterior and superior segment.
2. Segment II (left lobe) is the smallest segment and receives its blood supply from the left hepatic artery and left portal vein.
3. Segment III (left lobe) is the second smallest segment and receives its blood supply from the left hepatic artery and left portal vein.
4. Segment IV (left lobe) is the third smallest segment and receives its blood supply from the left hepatic artery and left portal vein.
5. Segment V (right lobe) is the largest segment and receives its blood supply from the right hepatic artery and right portal vein.
6. Segment VI (right lobe) is the second largest segment and receives its blood supply from the right hepatic artery and right portal vein.
7. Segment VII (right lobe) is the third largest segment and receives its blood supply from the right hepatic artery and right portal vein.
8. Segment VIII (right lobe) is the smallest segment and receives its blood supply from the right hepatic artery and right portal vein.