Ultrasound is used for initial evaluation of liver disease due to its non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and lack of radiation.
CT (Computed Tomography) scans provide detailed images of the liver and surrounding structures, making it useful for detecting and staging liver tumors.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is used to evaluate liver lesions, especially in cases where ultrasound and CT scans are inconclusive.

Liver tumors can be benign or malignant, and imaging studies help in differentiating between the two.
Liver cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can be congenital or acquired, and imaging studies are used to determine their size, location, and number.
Vascular structures in the liver include the hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic veins, which can be evaluated using imaging studies to detect any abnormalities.

ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) is a procedure used to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the bile and pancreatic ducts.
PTC (Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography) is a procedure used to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the bile ducts.
Technique: ERCP involves inserting an endoscope through the mouth to access the bile and pancreatic ducts, while PTC involves inserting a needle through the skin to access the bile ducts.
Indications: ERCP is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as gallstones, strictures, and tumors, while PTC is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as bile duct strictures and tumors.
Complications: Both ERCP and PTC carry risks of complications such as bleeding, pancreatitis, and infection.

Angiography is a procedure used to visualize the blood vessels in the liver.
Technique: Angiography involves inserting a catheter through the skin and guided by X-rays or CT scans to access the blood vessels.
Indications: Angiography is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as bleeding, tumors, and vascular malformations.
Complications: Angiography carries risks of complications such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding tissues.

Primary liver tumors arise from the liver cells, while secondary liver tumors arise from metastasis from other parts of the body.
Benign liver tumors include hemangiomas, adenomas, and focal nodular hyperplasia, while malignant liver tumors include hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.
Types of liver tumors:
- Hemangioma: a benign tumor composed of blood vessels
- Adenoma: a benign tumor composed of glandular tissue
- Focal nodular hyperplasia: a benign tumor composed of regenerative nodules
- Hepatocellular carcinoma: a malignant tumor arising from liver cells
- Cholangiocarcinoma: a malignant tumor arising from bile ducts

Clinical features of liver diseases include jaundice, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver failure.
Symptoms of liver diseases can include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and abdominal pain.
Signs of liver diseases can include jaundice, hepatomegaly, and ascites.

Investigations for liver diseases include liver function tests, imaging studies, and biopsy.
Liver function tests include ALT, AST, bilirubin, and albumin.
Imaging studies include ultrasound, CT, and MRI.
Biopsy involves taking a sample of liver tissue for histopathological examination.

Management and treatment of liver diseases depend on the underlying cause and severity of the disease.
Treatment options include medications, interventional procedures, and surgery.
Surgical interventions include liver resection, liver transplantation, and bile duct surgery.

Homoeopathic medicines can be used to treat liver diseases, especially in cases where conventional treatments are not effective or contraindicated.
Medicines used to treat liver diseases include:
- Nux vomica: used to treat liver congestion and indigestion
- Chelidonium: used to treat liver inflammation and bile duct obstruction
- Lycopodium: used to treat liver enlargement and weakness
- Phytolacca: used to treat liver congestion and indigestion
- Taraxacum: used to treat liver inflammation and bile duct obstruction

IMAGING OF LIVER