X RAY KUB EXAMINATION

X RAY KUB EXAMINATION

Purpose of plain X ray KUB examination

• To visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
• To detect renal calculi, bowel gas, and organ enlargement
• To assess urinary tract obstruction

Indications of X ray KUB

• Suspected renal calculi
• Bowel obstruction
• Abdominal pain
• Hematuria
• Pyelonephritis

Normal findings on plain X ray KUB

• Clear renal outlines
• No evidence of renal calculi or bowel gas
• Normal ureter and bladder size and shape

Abnormal findings including renal calculi, bowel gas pattern changes and organ enlargement

• Renal calculi: multiple, rounded or oval opacities with smooth or irregular margins
• Bowel gas: multiple, rounded or oval air-filled structures with varying sizes and shapes
• Organ enlargement: increased size of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder

Interpretation of X ray KUB in renal calculi and urinary tract obstruction

• Size and shape of renal calculi: small, round, or oval stones are more likely to pass spontaneously
• Location of renal calculi: stones in the renal pelvis may cause obstruction
• Bowel gas pattern: multiple air-filled structures in the bowel may indicate obstruction
• Organ enlargement: increased size of the kidneys or ureters may indicate obstruction or infection.

Renal Calculi

• Definition: small, hard mineral concretions formed in the kidneys
• Types:
  • Uric acid stones: formed from excessive uric acid in the urine
  • Calcium stones: formed from excessive calcium in the urine
  • Cystine stones: formed from excessive cystine in the urine
  • Struvite stones: formed from excessive magnesium ammonium phosphate in the urine
• Causes:
  • Excessive uric acid in the urine
  • Excessive calcium in the urine
  • Excessive cystine in the urine
  • Urinary tract infections
• Clinical features:
  • Severe pain in the flank or side
  • Hematuria
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Nausea and vomiting
• Investigations:
  • X ray KUB
  • Ultrasound
  • CT scan
• Complications:
  • Obstruction of the ureter
  • Infection of the kidney
  • Nephrolithiasis
• Management:
  • Medical management: hydration, pain relief, and antibiotics
  • Surgical management: removal of the stone through an incision or endoscopically

Bowel Gas

• Definition: air or gas in the bowel
• Causes:
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Bowel infection
  • Gastrointestinal disease
• Clinical features:
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Fever
  • Abdominal distension
• Investigations:
  • X ray KUB
  • Ultrasound
  • CT scan
• Complications:
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Bowel infection
  • Gastrointestinal perforation
• Management:
  • Medical management: hydration, pain relief, and antibiotics
  • Surgical management: removal of the obstruction or repair of the bowel

Organ Enlargement

• Definition: increased size of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder
• Causes:
  • Obstruction of the ureter
  • Infection of the kidney
  • Gastrointestinal disease
• Clinical features:
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Fever
  • Abdominal distension
• Investigations:
  • X ray KUB
  • Ultrasound
  • CT scan
• Complications:
  • Obstruction of the ureter
  • Infection of the kidney
  • Gastrointestinal perforation
• Management:
  • Medical management: hydration, pain relief, and antibiotics
  • Surgical management: removal of the obstruction or repair of the bowel

Homoeopathic therapeutic medicines for Renal Calculi

• Calcarea carbonica: for calcium stones
• Ferrum phosphoricum: for iron deficiency and anemia
• Natrium phosphoricum: for excessive uric acid in the urine
• Sepia: for women with menstrual irregularities and kidney problems
• Lycopodium: for kidney problems and digestive issues
• Graphites: for kidney problems and skin issues
• Silica: for kidney problems and bone issues

Homoeopathic therapeutic medicines for Bowel Gas

• Arsenicum album: for bowel obstruction and gas
• Carbo vegetabilis: for gas and bloating
• Colocynth: for bowel cramps and gas
• Chamomilla: for bowel gas and digestive issues
• Bryonia: for bowel gas and joint pain
• Lycopodium: for bowel gas and digestive issues

Homoeopathic therapeutic medicines for Organ Enlargement

• Calcarea carbonica: for kidney problems and bone issues
• Ferrum phosphoricum: for iron deficiency and anemia
• Natrium phosphoricum: for excessive uric acid in the urine
• Sepia: for women with menstrual irregularities and kidney problems
• Lycopodium: for kidney problems and digestive issues
• Graphites: for kidney problems and skin issues
• Silica: for kidney problems and bone issues