EXAMINATION OF PENIS

Anatomy of Penis

1. The penis is a male external genital organ responsible for urination and reproduction.
2. It consists of three main parts: the root, the shaft (body), and the glans penis.
3. The root of the penis is attached to the pubic bone.
4. The shaft of the penis is the longest part and is composed of three cylindrical bodies of spongy tissue (corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum).
5. The glans penis is the cone-shaped end of the penis.

Corpora Cavernosa

1. The corpora cavernosa are two cylindrical bodies of spongy tissue that run along the top and sides of the penis.
2. They are made of erectile tissue and are responsible for erection of the penis.
3. Each corpus cavernosum is made up of a network of blood vessels and connective tissue.
4. The corpora cavernosa are innervated by the dorsal nerve of the penis.

Corpus Spongiosum

1. The corpus spongiosum is a cylindrical body of spongy tissue that surrounds the urethra.
2. It is made up of erectile tissue and is responsible for erection of the penis.
3. The corpus spongiosum is innervated by the dorsal nerve of the penis.
4. It is thinner in the center, where the urethra passes through.

Urethra

1. The urethra is a tube that carries urine out of the body.
2. It passes through the corpus spongiosum.
3. The urethra opens to the outside at the tip of the glans penis.

Vascular Supply

1. The penis is supplied by two sets of arteries: the internal iliac arteries and the external iliac arteries.
2. The arterial blood supply comes from the internal iliac arteries and external iliac arteries.
3. The venous blood supply comes from the superficial and deep dorsal veins.

Common Penile Conditions and Causes

Phimosis

1. Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans penis.
2. Causes: tight foreskin, infection, or injury.

Paraphimosis

1. Paraphimosis is a condition where the foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans penis.
2. Causes: tight foreskin, infection, or injury.

Peyronie's Disease

1. Peyronie's disease is a condition where the penis develops scar tissue, causing curvature.
2. Causes: injury, trauma, or infection.

Balanitis

1. Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis.
2. Causes: infection, poor hygiene, or allergies.

Steps of Clinical Examination of Penis

Inspection of Penis

1. Inspection of the penis should be done in a well-lit area.
2. The penis should be inspected for any abnormalities such as lesions, deformities, or discharge.
3. The foreskin should be inspected for any signs of infection or inflammation.

Palpation of Penis

1. Palpation of the penis should be done gently to avoid causing discomfort.
2. The penis should be palpated for any abnormalities such as nodules, masses, or tenderness.

Assessment of Lesions, Deformities and Discharge

1. Any lesions, deformities, or discharge should be assessed for their cause and severity.
2. The lesion should be characterized as to whether it is superficial or deep.
3. Any deformity should be assessed for its impact on the function of the penis.
4. Any discharge should be assessed for its color, consistency, and smell.

Differentiation of Penile Conditions Based on Examination Findings

1. Phimosis can be differentiated from paraphimosis by the presence of a trapped foreskin in paraphimosis.
2. Peyronie's disease can be differentiated from other penile conditions by the presence of a curved penis.
3. Balanitis can be differentiated from other penile conditions by the presence of inflammation of the glans penis.

Management and Treatment

Phimosis

1. Management of phimosis involves circumcisions in severe cases.
2. Treatment involves using topical creams or ointments to help loosen the foreskin.

Paraphimosis

1. Management of paraphimosis involves reducing the foreskin back into place.
2. Treatment involves using topical creams or ointments to help reduce the swelling.

Peyronie's Disease

1. Management of Peyronie's disease involves using injections of medication to help reduce the curvature of the penis.
2. Treatment involves using physical therapy to help improve the flexibility of the penis.

Balanitis

1. Management of balanitis involves using topical creams or ointments to help reduce the inflammation.
2. Treatment involves using antibiotics to help clear up any infection.

Homeopathic Medicines

1. Arnica montana - used to treat trauma and injury.
2. Belladonna - used to treat inflammation and infection.
3. Merc sol - used to treat inflammation and infection.
4. Sulphur - used to treat skin conditions and allergies.
5. Thuja occidentalis - used to treat skin conditions and allergies.