Germ cell tumours: These tumours arise from the germ cells and are further divided into seminoma and non-seminoma.
- Seminoma: These are highly radiosensitive and account for 40-50% of testicular tumours.
- Non-seminoma: These include yolk sac tumour, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma.
Non-germ cell tumours: These tumours arise from the somatic cells of the testis and are further divided into lymphoma, leukaemia, and sex cord-stromal tumours.
- Lymphoma: This is a rare tumour of the testis.
- Leukaemia: This is a malignant disorder of the blood cells.
- Sex cord-stromal tumours: These tumours arise from the sex cords and stroma of the testis.

Germ cell tumours arise from the germ cells and are thought to be derived from the primitive germ cells that are present in the testis.
Non-germ cell tumours arise from the somatic cells of the testis.
The pathogenesis of testicular tumours is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors.

Family history: There is an increased risk of testicular tumours in individuals with a family history of the disease.
Cryptorchidism: Undescended testes are at an increased risk of developing testicular tumours.
Previous testicular cancer: Individuals who have had testicular cancer are at an increased risk of developing a second tumour.
Testicular atrophy: Testicular atrophy is associated with an increased risk of testicular tumours.

Testicular swelling: The most common symptom of testicular tumours is a painless swelling of the testis.
Pain: Pain is not a common symptom of testicular tumours, but it can occur if the tumour has invaded the surrounding tissue.
Weight loss: Weight loss can occur due to the tumour or due to a secondary malignancy.
Metastatic symptoms: Symptoms of metastasis, such as cough, shortness of breath, and abdominal pain, can occur if the tumour has spread to other parts of the body.

Hydrocele: A hydrocele is a collection of fluid in the scrotum that can mimic a testicular tumour.
Epididymitis: Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis that can mimic a testicular tumour.
Varicocele: A varicocele is a collection of veins in the scrotum that can mimic a testicular tumour.
Testicular atrophy: Testicular atrophy can mimic a testicular tumour.

Ultrasound: Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic test for testicular tumours. It can detect a mass in the testis and can help to determine if it is a tumour.
CT scan: A CT scan can help to determine if the tumour has spread to other parts of the body.
Tumour markers: Tumour markers, such as AFP and hCG, can help to diagnose and monitor testicular tumours.
Biopsy: A biopsy is not always necessary, but it can be done if the diagnosis is uncertain.

Prognosis: The prognosis for testicular tumours is good if the disease is diagnosed early.
Follow-up care: Follow-up care is important to monitor for recurrence and to detect any secondary malignancies.

Recurrence: Recurrence is a complication of testicular tumours.
Secondary malignancies: Secondary malignancies can occur if the tumour has spread to other parts of the body.
Infertility: Infertility is a complication of testicular tumours, especially if the tumour has invaded the surrounding tissue.
Metastatic symptoms: Metastatic symptoms can occur if the tumour has spread to other parts of the body.

Calcarea carbonica: This remedy is indicated for testicular tumours that are associated with a feeling of fatigue and a lack of energy.
Phosphorus: This remedy is indicated for testicular tumours that are associated with a feeling of pain and a sensation of coldness.
Lachesis: This remedy is indicated for testicular tumours that are associated with a feeling of swelling and a sensation of heat.
Arsenicum album: This remedy is indicated for testicular tumours that are associated with a feeling of restlessness and a sensation of anxiety.

TUMOURS OF TESTES