LARGE INTESTINAL MALIGNANCY

Large intestinal malignancy is one of the most common cancers worldwide.
Risk factors include age, family history, genetic predisposition, dietary habits, and certain medical conditions.
The majority of cases occur in people over 50 years old.
A family history of colorectal cancer or polyps increases the risk.
Certain genetic syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis, also increase the risk.

The large intestine is a common site for malignancies, with the majority being adenocarcinomas.
Adenocarcinomas arise from the glandular epithelium of the colon.
Other types of large intestinal malignancies include carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, and sarcomas.
The process of carcinogenesis involves genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and environmental factors.

Adenocarcinoma: The most common type of large intestinal malignancy, arising from the glandular epithelium.
- Well-differentiated: Glandular structure is maintained, with a good prognosis.
- Poorly differentiated: Glandular structure is lost, with a poor prognosis.
Carcinoid tumor: A type of neuroendocrine tumor, arising from the enterochromaffin cells.
- Benign: Typically small in size and non-aggressive.
- Malignant: Large in size and aggressive.
Lymphoma: A type of cancer that arises from the lymphoid tissue of the large intestine.
- Hodgkin lymphoma: A rare type of lymphoma that affects the large intestine.
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A more common type of lymphoma that affects the large intestine.
Sarcoma: A rare type of cancer that arises from the connective tissue of the large intestine.

Abdominal pain: Cramping or a dull ache in the abdomen.
Bleeding: Rectal bleeding or bloody stools.
Changes in bowel habits: Diarrhea, constipation, or a change in the frequency of bowel movements.
Weight loss: Unintentional weight loss.
Fatigue: Feeling weak or tired.

Colonoscopy: A procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the inside of the colon.
Biopsy: A procedure that involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination.
Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to visualize the large intestine and surrounding tissues.
Blood tests: To check for signs of cancer, such as elevated tumor markers.

TNM staging: A system that stages cancer based on the size and extent of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis.
Stage I: Early-stage cancer, with a good prognosis.
Stage II: Intermediate-stage cancer, with a moderate prognosis.
Stage III: Advanced-stage cancer, with a poor prognosis.
Stage IV: Distant metastasis, with a poor prognosis.

Obstruction: A blockage in the large intestine, causing abdominal pain and constipation.
Perforation: A hole in the large intestine, causing peritonitis and sepsis.
Bleeding: Severe bleeding, requiring transfusions or surgical intervention.
Metastasis: Cancer spreading to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lungs.

Surgery: A surgical resection of the tumor and surrounding tissues.
- Segmental resection: A procedure that removes a portion of the large intestine.
- Total colectomy: A procedure that removes the entire large intestine.
Chemotherapy: A treatment that uses medications to kill cancer cells.
Radiation therapy: A treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
Targeted therapy: A treatment that uses medications to target specific cancer cells.

Colonoscopy: A procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the inside of the colon.
Fecal occult blood test: A test that checks for blood in the stool.
Sigmoidoscopy: A procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the inside of the sigmoid colon.
Virtual colonoscopy: A procedure that uses CT scans to visualize the inside of the colon.

Arsenicum album: A remedy for cancer, with symptoms of weight loss, fatigue, and abdominal pain.
Carbo vegetalis: A remedy for cancer, with symptoms of fatigue, weakness, and abdominal pain.
Nux vomica: A remedy for cancer, with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
Phosphorus: A remedy for cancer, with symptoms of bone pain, fatigue, and weakness.
Calcarea carbonica: A remedy for cancer, with symptoms of fatigue, weakness, and abdominal pain.