Congenital Cardiac Anomalies
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
- Definition: Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when there is an abnormal opening in the atrial septum, which is the wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria.
- Types: Partial ASD, Complete ASD, Sinus venosus ASD, Secundum ASD
- Causes: Genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities
- Clinical Features: Chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations
- Investigations: Echocardiogram, Chest X-ray, Electrocardiogram
- Complications: Heart failure, arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension
- Management: Surgical repair, catheter-based closure, monitoring for complications
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- Definition: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when there is an abnormal opening in the ventricular septum, which is the wall of tissue that separates the right and left ventricles.
- Types: Perforation, Infundibular VSD, Muscular VSD, Atrioventricular canal defect
- Causes: Genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities
- Clinical Features: Coughing, difficulty breathing, cyanosis, failure to thrive
- Investigations: Echocardiogram, Chest X-ray, Electrocardiogram
- Complications: Heart failure, infective endocarditis, pulmonary hypertension
- Management: Surgical repair, catheter-based closure, monitoring for complications
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
- Definition: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery, fails to close after birth.
- Types: Small PDA, Large PDA
- Causes: Genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities
- Clinical Features: Difficulty breathing, coughing, failure to thrive
- Investigations: Echocardiogram, Chest X-ray, Electrocardiogram
- Complications: Heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, infective endocarditis
- Management: Surgical ligation, catheter-based closure, monitoring for complications
Coarctation of the Aorta
- Definition: Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart defect that occurs when there is a narrowing of the aorta, the major artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
- Types: Preductal coarctation, Postductal coarctation
- Causes: Genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities
- Clinical Features: Hypertension, fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations
- Investigations: Echocardiogram, Chest X-ray, Electrocardiogram
- Complications: Heart failure, arrhythmias, aortic aneurysm
- Management: Surgical repair, catheter-based angioplasty, monitoring for complications
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
- Definition: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when there are four abnormal heart structures: ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta.
- Types: Classic TOF, Variant TOF
- Causes: Genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities
- Clinical Features: Cyanosis, difficulty breathing, fatigue, palpitations
- Investigations: Echocardiogram, Chest X-ray, Electrocardiogram
- Complications: Heart failure, arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension
- Management: Surgical repair, catheter-based closure, monitoring for complications
Complications
- Heart failure
- Arrhythmias
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Infective endocarditis
- Aortic aneurysm
Diagnosis
- Echocardiogram
- Chest X-ray
- Electrocardiogram
- Cardiac catheterization
Treatment
- Surgical repair
- Catheter-based closure
- Monitoring for complications
Homeopathic Medicines
- Aconitum: For sudden onset of chest pain and shortness of breath
- Ignatia: For anxiety and palpitations
- Phosphorus: For fatigue and weakness
- Aurum: For arrhythmias and palpitations