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Surgery 2 - Third Year BHMS

Contents

Surgery 2 - Third Year BHMS

Contents

CoursesBHMSSurgery 2 - Third Year BHMSURINARY INCONTINENCE

URINARY INCONTINENCE

Content

Urinary Incontinence

Definition

  • Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine.

Types of Urinary Incontinence

  • Urge Incontinence: Sudden, intense need to urinate, often accompanied by frequency and nocturia (waking up multiple times at night to urinate).
  • Stress Incontinence: Involuntary leakage of urine during physical activity or pressure on the bladder, such as coughing, sneezing, or lifting.
  • Overflow Incontinence: Involuntary leakage of urine due to a full bladder that cannot be emptied completely.
  • Functional Incontinence: Inability to reach the toilet in time due to physical limitations or cognitive impairment.
  • Neurogenic Bladder: Loss of bladder control due to a neurological disorder, such as spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis.

Causes of Urinary Incontinence

  • Age-related decline in bladder control
  • Weakened pelvic muscles
  • Pregnancy and childbirth
  • Menopause
  • Neurological disorders
  • Prostate issues
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Bladder or urethral damage

Clinical Features of Urinary Incontinence

  • Urinary leakage
  • Frequency and nocturia
  • Difficulty starting or stopping urination
  • Weak or interrupted urine stream
  • Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
  • Painful urination

Investigations for Urinary Incontinence

  • Urodynamic studies: Measure bladder function and pressure
  • Cystoscopy: Visual examination of the bladder and urethra
  • Ultrasound: Evaluate bladder size and emptying
  • Pelvic floor EMG: Measure muscle activity in the pelvic floor
  • Urine analysis: Check for infection or other abnormalities

Complications of Urinary Incontinence

  • Urinary tract infections
  • Skin irritation or breakdown
  • Fungal or bacterial infections
  • Psychological distress
  • Social isolation

Management of Urinary Incontinence

  • Lifestyle changes: Weight loss, exercise, and bladder training
  • Behavioral therapy: Biofeedback and pelvic floor exercises
  • Surgery: Artificial urinary sphincter, bladder sling, or bladder augmentation

Homoeopathic Therapeutics for Urinary Incontinence

  • Pulsatilla: Leaking urine due to overactive bladder
  • Sepia: Urinary incontinence in women with prolapse
  • Lycopodium: Urinary incontinence due to weakened pelvic muscles
  • Causticum: Urinary incontinence due to neurological disorders
  • Nux Vomica: Urinary incontinence due to overuse of diuretics
  • Ferrum Phos: Urinary incontinence due to anemia